In November 1989, the Berlin Wall, the symbol of divided Europe, fell. With it came an end to the socialist experiment that was given over seventy years in the Soviet Union and over forty years in the satellite states that joined the Soviet empire after 1945 to work on building a fundamentally new society. In the history of urban planning and architecture, there are probably few moments and places where political, economic and social ideals were so directly cast in concrete as in the cities of Central and Eastern Europe in the four decades after 1945. This book explores these ideals, their origins, the urban planning interventions that were inspired by them, the consequences of systemic change around 1990 and the replacement of old by new ideals and icons. It also identifies ways in which experiences gained in Central and Eastern Europe can contribute to the solution of fundamental problems in post-war neighborhoods in Western Europe.