C. Citroen 1881-1935 Cosman Citroen was the son of Levie Citroen, diamond cutter in Amsterdam and born on November 12, 1855 and Sara Levie Coltof, born on February 26, 1852. They lived with their family of 6 children on Badlaan in Amsterdam. The oldest of the children was Betje, born Oct. 14, 1879. Then came Cosman on Aug. 26, 1881, Salomon on Jan. 22, 1883, Marianne on July 20, 1884, Leon on Dec. 29, 1885. However, he died within a year on May 7, 1886. The youngest of the family was Jeannette, born Feb. 12, 1887. On May 15, 1935, Cosman Lemon died at the age of 53 in Surabaya, Dutch East Indies. Shortly thereafter, the secretary-editor of the Architecture Weekly "Architectura" wrote a short article about Citroen, describing him as a man of "little fame here in the country. It is a remarkable article considering Citroen's nevertheless considerable oeuvre and its versatility. His oeuvre may not be as extensive as that of architects such as Aalbers or Ghijssels, yet as far as the city of Surabaya is concerned, he is the only truly noteworthy representative of the New Building movement. However, it would do Citroen's ability an injustice to view his oeuvre only in the Dutch-Indonesian context. Many of his designs would just as easily be labeled special and good in the Netherlands. His 1916 design for the new Council House in Surabaya, for example, can be called very progressive given the year and aesthetic quality, which may have been the reason why this project was not executed until 10 years later. The same article speaks of Citroen's "soft character. In itself a not very telling character trait, were it not for the fact that at a number of crucial moments Citroen showed that his enthusiasm for architecture took precedence over the need for financial reward for his work. For example, for the interior design for the Council House at Malang, he expressed a desire to charge no more than "self-costs. For the Council House on Ketabang in Surabaya, he did the same. This makes at least one thing clear: Lemon took his greatest pleasure in the architecture itself. Education and work experience Citroen's knowledge of such diverse matters as civil engineering aspects of bridge construction, construction methods so specific to the tropics, and architectural design in general, was of a high level. The basis for this knowledge was laid in Amsterdam at the Rijksnormaalschool/Kunst-Nijverheid-Teekenschool 'Quellinus', where Citroen studied for several years. Among others, J.J.P. Oud attended the same school a short time before this. Some time after completing this education, Citroen received an appointment at the architectural office of B.J. Ouëndag in Amsterdam. It was at this office that Citroen became acquainted with the Dutch East Indies. His work included the new administration building for the Nederlandsch-Indische Spoorwegmaatschappij in Semarang. In this way, Citroen was able to gather a lot of information about building in the tropics. Moreover, he undoubtedly gained new contacts during this period, which strengthened his decision to settle permanently in the Dutch East Indies in 1915. Administration building of the N.I.S. Citroen worked in Ouëndag's office from 1902 to 1915. The work included collaborating on the design of the administration building of the N.I.S., the Dutch East Indies Railway Company in Semarang, completed in 1907. (Co)designing this building gave Citroen the opportunity to learn about the construction techniques required for the tropics. The N.I.S., based in the Netherlands, asked architect P. DuRieu in The Hague to design a new office building. However, DuRieu died early and the commission went to Prof. Jacob F. Klinkhamer of Delft and B.J. Ouëndag of Amsterdam. An executor had already been appointed in 1902. The latter had left for Indonesia that same year to carry out this project on his own. Due to unforeseen setbacks there, especially the soil conditions that were so different from those in the Netherlands, the contractor decided to abandon the project. A year later, however, construction finally began. The construction process, especially for that time, can be called a particularly well organized project. All materials, except for the building walls, wood and outbuildings, came from Europe. Not a single piece of stone was shed on site; everything was custom-made in Europe and then shipped. As for the design, given the technical features so specific, it becomes clear that this laid a thorough foundation for Citroen's subsequent career in the Dutch East Indies. For example, there are ventilation features in this building that recur in many, if not all, buildings of larger size in the Dutch East Indies. For example, the large stairwell acts as a prise d´air, the building has little light, in addition, the front and back galleries along the offices play a major role in ventilation. The spacious interior corridor that opens into the stairwell also serves for ventilation and thus provides cooling. Hygiene also obviously needs extra attention in this climate. The restrooms are located behind the main building because they had to remain separate from the main building. However, there is a walking connection. A total of four years worked on this building with an average of 300 "natives" per day and "without the help of Chinese helpers," it is reported. Klinkhamer and Ouëndag speak of "a favorable testimony to what can be done with native workers under European leadership. The first pile was driven on Feb. 27, 1904, and the building was completed on July 1, 1907. The building is located on the Bodjong in Semarang. In 1915, however, Citroen left for Indonesia for good and settled in Surabaya that same year as an independent architect. Citroen immediately worked on a prestigious project. In 1916 he made the first sketch plans for a new Town Hall in Surabaya. The acquisition of this commission by Citroen testifies to good business relations in his new hometown. In the following years Citroen would serve on several committees and councils. For example, there is the Building Restrictions Commission (the most important government committee at the local technical level, established in early 1930 for the building line issue) of Surabaya. The Antiquities Advisory Committee in Surabaya. At the invitation of the government, Lemon took a seat. In addition, he became president of the Association ´The Museum of Antiquities´ in Surabaya. These and more activities show a busy business, but also certainly social life in the Dutch East Indies. Renovation of the Concordia Society Sociëteit Concordia, founded in the late nineteenth century, left its premises on Sociëteitstraat in Surabaya and moved elsewhere. On February 1, 1935, after 90 years, Concordia ceased to exist. The Bataafsche Petroleum Maatschappij, however, formerly Dodtse Petroleummaatschappij, needed a new office at that time, and Citroen was commissioned to remodel the old society. Citroen converted the building on Societeitsstraat into a B.P.M. office building. The renovation was extensive and, in addition to the interior, drastically changed the appearance. The renovated office building was completed in 1917. Residence on Sumatrastraat A large building that has both a local appearance and a Western, almost Victorian appearance. What is clear, however, is that Citroen's design here aims to combine the Western style with influences from his new surroundings. It is a style that is hardly, if at all, reflected in Citroen's later works. He designs mainly in the style of the New Building. When IBT Local Engineering, September 1935, which includes an article on this project, was published, this building housed the American Consulate. Kebondalem Bridge Citroen acquired his first civil engineering contract soon after arriving in Surabaya. Citroen proved adept at combining bridge construction with highly expressive design, as evidenced by many similar projects. In the streetscape of Surabaya, Citroen's bridges occupy an important place. Even today there are bridges in use that were designed by him. He acquires these commissions through his apparently good contacts at the municipality. Thus, there are more projects with the municipality as client. Outside of these infrastructure projects, for example, the Council House design project for the Municipality of Surabaya is also still ongoing. However, this civil engineering project is not the most imposing in Citroen's oeuvre in terms of size. It involves a temporary bank connection between the municipal land of Ketabang and Simpang (the extension of Palmen Avenue). In 1918, this wooden bridge at Kebondalem, the "Kebondalem Bridge," was completed. This bridge was popularly called "the Japanese Bridge" and would be replaced within a few years by a reinforced concrete bridge twice as wide. 1919 Darmo hospital The commission for a new hospital in Surabaya came from the Surabaya Infirmary, owner and manager of the building after its completion in 1919. The crisis that set in in the Dutch East Indies in the early 1920s did not take its toll until later, and in 1919 there was apparently still sufficient financial support to set up a new large-scale nonprofit institution such as a hospital. The building has a somewhat religious appearance, which is caused by its outward resemblance to a church building. Since religion occupied a more prominent place in society at that time and certainly in an institution such as a hospital, a design such as this is not surprising. For example, the front of this building has a church steeple, just like the Christ Church designed later by Citroen. However, unlike this Christ Church, it has three gates of honor in front of the main entrance at the front. Upon entering the building, one must first pass the terrace that forms a unit with the building. The main entrance next is marked with two lanterns. In this respect, the building lacks the complete resemblance to a church; the terrace that accommodates patients and visitors has a friendly and casual character, and the building itself, in terms of scale, will never overwhelm its visitors. Remarkably, the hospital still stands there in its original condition. Moreover, it is still used as such. The building is part of a large hospital complex, the Darmo Hospital, and stands on Jalam Raya Darmo in Surabaya. Annual fair buildings In 1923, the annual fair was held in Surabaya on the occasion of which Lemon was asked to design. The central restaurant of the annual fair buildings is the only one explicitly attributed to Citroen. Ir. W. Lemei speaks of Citroen´s giftedness for detailing, especially in wood. He goes on to say, "What enthusiasm and vitality one feels behind the fair buildings designed in 1923, executed entirely in wood. The complex was demolished shortly after the completion of the fair. Goebeng Bridge Citroen's second civil engineering project in Surabaya is a bridge that provides an important link between the Goebeng and Ketabang districts. The bridge is an extension of the Jalam Remuda in Surabaya. The project is a collaboration between the Public Works Department of the Municipality of Surabaya, also a subcontractor, and Citroen. Nedam was responsible for the execution and in 1924 was the completion. The clients were the Municipality of Surabaya and the Electric Tramway Company. The total cost of the project was NLG 266,000, -. This new bridge replaced the old Goebeng Bridge, a screw-post bridge that had become too narrow and weak. Finally, because of the need for an electric tramway there (the completed bridge connected to Goebeng station), the decision was made to finance a new bridge on behalf of the municipality of Surabaya and the Electric Tramway Company. It is a substantial bridge. The distance between the abutments is over 47 meters and the bridge has a width of 16 meters. The roadway is 12 meters wide and on both sides is a sidewalk two meters wide. The material used is concrete and the bridge sections are entirely solid. The abutments are of limestone masonry with brushed concrete and ornamental ironwork. Lemon faced a typical local problem here. In connection with river navigation, the bridge had to have a minimum height. However, these are only praus whose height is fairly limited. Therefore, it was not considered necessary to make a movable, and therefore more expensive bridge. The bridge will eventually be constructed according to the principle of the Gerber girder. This means that the bridge will consist of two cantilevered end bays and a loose middle section. By using these Gerber girders, the height of the beam in the middle section is only 90 centimeters, which meets the height requirements set by river navigation. However, in order to dissipate all forces to the piers, the beams at this location have a height of 2.90 meters. The span of the end bay is 13 meters and that of the middle section is 22 meters. In terms of architectural design, the bridge railings are particularly significant. These railings are transparent with a trellis. This is in contrast to the rest of the bridge, which has a very massive and closed character. The construction consists of two piers and abutments resting on wooden piles. Since there is still tidal action here, the piles must remain below the lowest possible water level. If the piles rise above the water level, rot will occur. The piles were therefore given a cast iron cap, which covered the pile heads on which the piers were placed. Provisions are made on the bridge deck for streetcar traffic as well as normal forms of traffic. For this electric streetcar, the lampposts had to be very substantial to endure the pull of the overhead line. In this project, Citroen demonstrated his familiarity with the structural principles of civil engineering, although assignments such as this also enhanced his expertise. Extension office building Sugar syndicate In 1893, the General Syndicate of Sugar Manufacturers was founded in the Dutch East Indies, called ASNI. Later, the Vereeniging van Machinefabrikanten and the Marine Etablissement joined it. In the early twentieth century, until 1916, it became clear that the Javanese sugar industry was not facing a good future and the Sugar Syndicate became increasingly important. In the early twenties, the plan then arises to expand the office of the ASNI in Surabaya. The contract for this renovation went to Citroen. When the renovated office building was completed in 1925, there were remarkably positive reactions to this expansion design. In fact, Ir. W. Lemei calls this project one of Citroen's best works. "The building signifies a modified, more businesslike design. Moreover, the interior shows great care and simplicity. Unfortunately, it stands in a not very significant street". It further speaks of a very business-like building and "the tightening of forms." The building stands on Heerenstraat at Willemsplein in Surabaya. Paris Exhibition A number of awards were given in the architecture category at the 1925 Paris Exhibition. Citroen received a "Mention," the lowest award. The ranking from high to low is as follows: Grand Prix, Diplome d'Honneur, Medaille d'Or, Medaille d'Argent, Medaille de Bronze, Mention. Nominees include H.P. Berlage (Grand Prix), W.M. Dudok (Grand Prix), M. de Klerk (Grand Prix), J.F. Staal (Grand Prix), J. Duiker (Diplome d'Honneur), J. Crouwel (Medaille d'Or), Ir. Granpré Molière (Medaille d'Or), J.J.P. Oud (Medaille d'Or), Mr. Van der Vlugt (Medaille de Bronze), J.F.L. Blankenberg (Mention). Unknown, however, is for which projects Citroen received his award. Perhaps for all of his projects completed up to that point. Nevertheless, especially in view of the other individuals awarded, one can speak of a great recognition of Citroen's work. City Hall of the Municipality of Surabaya on Ketabang 1916-1927 The first plans for the construction of a new city hall is Surabaya date back to 1915. It was the year Citroen settled in the Dutch East Indies, and less than a year later he was asked to design a new town hall for the municipality of Surabaya. The client is the municipality of Surabaya. He produces the first sketch plans for a new town hall in 1916. Citroen's first design from 1916 was situated on the Pasar Besar and not on Ketabang. Finally, in 1920, the final decision to build a town hall as well as the change of location came. This new site on Ketabang is bounded on the north by Djimertoweg, on the east by Sedapmalamweg, on the south by Ondomohenweg and on the west by Ketabang Besar. Ketabang is a new neighborhood surrounded by the Kali Mas (Kali = river). The piece of land was purchased by the municipality of Surabaya with government support. The district is connected to the districts on the left bank by two bridges. Precisely because this is a new piece of land, there is the freedom to create a large-scale design. Moreover, at that time the economy was still booming and the government was about to adopt a policy of decentralization. The latter means that Surabaya becomes increasingly important as the capital of the province of East Java. The municipality also sees itself as such and so plans are made to build a grand town hall. Both Lemon Town Hall and Lemei Governor's Office were built at the time of the decentralization policy. But before construction begins, there is a tough road ahead, as evidenced by the long period between the time of the first sketch plans and the final completion. The plan went from a grand council house on the Pasar Besar to a building only half-executed on Ketabang. The amount available for construction was initially NLG 2,580,000, - and this later, under pressure from the crisis in the early 1920s, including furniture, came to NLG 500,000, -. Here again Citroen's knowledge of and interest in other aspects besides architecture play a significant role. In this project, he was responsible for the furniture of the town hall. The chairs of Mayor and Aldermen were eventually donated to the municipality by the ANIEM(?). Prior to construction, which began in 1925, at the beginning of that year there was great division over such a large expenditure at a time of economic misery. A number of articles in the Nieuwe Soerabaia Courant, published in the month of January 1925, show the great question marks placed on the plan. On January 7, 1925, the New Soerabaia Courant announced the city council meeting of January 14, with the New Council House on Ketabang as the main item on the agenda. In this meeting only the principle of the layout will be discussed; land and housing affairs will elaborate this plan. The plan involves an amount of "4 tons of gold" and if approved, construction will begin in the second half of 1925. On January 10, the same newspaper recaps the history. In 1920, the municipality decided to build a town hall to centralize municipal functions. However, in mid 1921 with the onset of the crisis, acting Mayor Faubel (for Mayor Dijkerman) did not consider himself responsible if the municipality decided to build. The Council shared that opinion. In 1925, however, the plan was taken up again and Citroen promised not to charge more than the self-costs, namely NLG 300,000. This money would be raised from the funds borrowed for the housing company. Of this, more than seven tons remain. Three tons of this will go to 'Water Works', two tons to 'Slachthuis'. This leaves two tons for the Town Hall. The rest of the money needed comes from the surplus for 1924, which still looks favourable at the beginning of 1925. On January 12, the newspaper reports great indignation among the city council about the construction of a three-ton city hall at a time of malaise throughout the city. There is talk of an overly optimistic policy on the gementer council budget. The tone of this article is extremely negative towards the construction of a new Council House. Mentioned are problems such as the kampong issue, the road network and street lighting, the damping of malaria foci, possible reduction of water prices. Moreover, the writer of the article foresees problems around the fact that this is only a part of the entire plan that already costs 3 tons. "If one votes three tons of gold for the partial plan, then one is irrevocably stuck with rest of the plan as well." Moreover, there was criticism that the highest and lowest paid official worked in one building. A thought that is somewhat unthinkable in the 21st century, but was heard in the debate over a new city hall in the 1920s. On Jan. 15, the day after the council meeting, the New Soerabaia newspaper reported, the plan was withdrawn by acting mayor Faubel, under pressure from an overwhelming dissenting majority. Despite this opposition, Mr. Faubel then still advocated the construction of a new Council House and cited several more reasons for voting in favor of the plan. For example, he cited the fact that the inland counselors, civil registration officers and militia officer needed both more and new space. Moreover, the plan had already been approved by the Austerity Commission, of which, however, no one was present. The Missigit board had also already urged the transfer of municipal functions from Missigit Square to another location. Faubel reminded the City Council members that their ancestors had also seen the benefit of a beautiful Council House, as evidenced by the many beautiful and imposing buildings in Holland. The article then features a number of Council members expressing displeasure with the plan. Faubel thus eventually takes the plan back, but expresses the hope that it can be resubmitted after some time. Because of all these and other problems, the bidding process was also re-examined with criticism. In 1922 there was discussion in the city council about the fact that no competition had been held. The municipality was now stuck with Citroen, which was seen as an unwanted obligation, despite major concessions made by Citroen. Particularly financially, he did a lot of watering down. He had to drastically revise the design several times. Compared to the first plan of 1916 and 1917, the following points were cut back. The existing section on Ketabang would become the rear facade of the square complex. This rear would house, among others, Municipal Works, Rooiwezen, Waterworks and Fire Department in the form of offices. But due to the need for a new Council House and stagnation in the construction process, a number of temporary offices were built. Eventually in the rear wing came the Council House with initially a temporary council chamber. Eventually, a council chamber with a more permanent character came into being. The layout of the Council House in the final design is as follows. On the first floor the central business administration, alderman's room, department heads and the population registration department. On the upper floor in the middle the council chamber and to its left and right B&W, the secretary, waiting rooms, municipal affairs department and the archives. The building is 19 meters deep and 102 meters wide. The construction consists of a pile foundation, since a slab foundation was not possible. This foundation, as well as the beams and columns, is of reinforced concrete. Between these are brick filling walls masonry. The roof is an iron roof executed with sirappen. The facade is of bush hammered concrete. Of the first design from 1916/1917, only the rear facade (north facade) was executed in 1925. The unfinished front is now considered a park and supports the prominence of the building. Important is the axis, which runs through the situation; the Jalan Yos Sudarso. This situation has similarities with the European mooring model. The architectural style of the building itself can be described as a combination of traditional, tropical and modern. Traditional and tropical because of the two-story roof. Although this roof is made of steel, the principle in which ventilation plays the main role corresponds to that of traditional buildings. Moreover, the length of the building with its two floors surrounded by galleries on the outside is a typical traditional way of building. It can be seen in the roof, windows and walls that ventilation has been taken into account. Grilles and other openings are both light and air controls. The fuselage of the building is narrow, allowing good cross- and cross-ventilation. Modern is the building because of the materials and construction method used. There is an obvious cubist component in the building's formal language. The highly contrasting shading further emphasizes these cubic forms. The present site is bounded on the north by Jalan Jimerto, on the east by Sedap Malam, on the south by Jalan Walikota Mustajab and on the west by Jalan Jaksa Agung Suprapto. This building is the result of many cuts and ultimately only the rear facade of the original 1920 design was executed in 1925. What is now main facade would have been courtyard facade in this plan. The plan never fully came to fruition. The complex stands on Jalan Walikota Mustajab in Surabaya. Interior of the City Hall in Malang 1929 Designed by architect H.F. Horn, of the architectural firm of the same name in Semarang, the City Hall of the Municipality of Malang stands in the middle of the city on J.P. Coenplein. On the same square are among others the H.B.S., the A.M.S., the Colonel's residence, a number of large villas, Hotel Splendid and the office of the Topographical Service. This project came about in a curious way. At the end of 1926, the Municipality of Malang, also the client, held a competition for which 22 entries were received. None of the entries received first prize. Only second and third prizes were awarded by the jury. The best design by architect H.F. Horn, or the second prize, would be executed. This plan could be realized for NLG 175,000, - but turned out to cost NLG 287,000, - after the unforeseen need for ground improvement. Cosman Citroen was responsible for the interior and because the construction costs were thus very disappointing, Citroen was forced to work with very modest means. The paneling is of cured clear djati wood (beech) and bands of sono wood. The ceiling is also panelled. The upholstery of the chairs is yellow calfskin. The floor and baseboards are terrazzo. These furnishings and interior paneling cost a total of NLG12,325, -. The building was inaugurated in early November 1929. 1931 Christ Church Commissioned by the Congregation of British Protestants in East Java in Surabaya, Citroen worked on the design for a new church, which was later named "Christ Church." The English in Surabaya thus have their own social association, an Anglican liturgy. The closed nature of the English community in Java is generally mentioned by G.H. von Faber, and it could therefore be called remarkable that Citroen, as a Dutchman, won such a commission. The building shows modern architecture and there is no question of a traditional or tropical principle here. Speaking in the formal language of the building: there are three striking elements. One is the gallery at the front as the main entrance. The other two building volumes are placed symmetrically at the rear. They are for the preparation of church ceremonies and sacristy. These three elements have a pyramid roof and the trunk has a gable roof. With various openings, the symmetry is emphasized each time. The first plans for a church date as far back as 1912. The final plan for the construction of a new church dates back to 1926. At the end of the same year, the location was determined, but it was not until 1930 that they were financially assured of their own building. On September 19, 1930, the foundation stone was laid and on May 31, 1931, the church was dedicated with a solemn service. The construction was done by Nedam and the total cost of land, building and furniture came to NLG 46,000. This building is located at Jalan Raya Diponegoro (Reinierszboulevard) in Surabaya. 1932 Wonokromo bridge Commissioned by the Municipality of Surabaya, Citroen designed the Wonokromo Bridge. The contractor in this was the firm Sitzen and Louzada, which completed the bridge in 1932 after a construction period of two years. The project cost a total of NLG 215,000, -. The Wonokromo Bridge over the Surabaya River improves the connection between Surabaya and Malang. On the north side, the bridge is an extension of Reiniersz and Darmo boulevards, and on the south side it is an extension of Jalam Raya Wonokromo. The existing 1885 screw-post bridge, which in addition to traffic, also accommodated water pipes, had become too narrow and weak. The new design provided for two bridges, namely one for traffic and a separate bridge for pipes. In this way, it was possible to prevent water supply stagnation during the construction of the new bridge. Obviously, good drinking water logistics in Surabaya, the hottest city in Java, is a very important tool to prevent the spread of disease. Hence the choice of such a facility. The cable bridge was 3.60 meters wide and spanned a length of 68.90 meters. The traffic main bridge was 66 meters long and had a driving surface of 12 meters with a two-meter wide sidewalk on each side. The bridge could be executed low above the water level because of the very limited water traffic under the bridge. The structure consists of concrete beams. Four piers were placed in the kali (river). A construction method was used that made it unnecessary to build a temporary sheet pile wall, which obviously saved a lot of time, in addition there is a financial advantage. In anticipation of the fact that a streetcar might pass over the bridge in the future, the columns on piers and abutments have already been dimensioned to accommodate the future overhead line. The embankment is turned on the abutment sides with an 18-meter long driven copper steel sheet pile wall, implemented in the Larssen system. This wall is anchored to the rear by a partially collapsed copper-steel structure. This copper-steel system was chosen because difficulties in piling the concrete piles were taken into account in connection with stones and pieces of wood from ruined pirogues in the ground. Because the piers are quite long, the sidewalks can also rest directly on them. In addition, the load of the very massive railing as well as that of the tray for cables and other pipes can be transferred directly to these piers. Unlike the more usual construction method where the sidewalks rest on a cantilever, the columns found on this bridge rest directly on the piers. The concrete railings have been kept separate from the lamp posts to prevent cracks resulting from uneven vibration. Citroen skillfully turned the resulting cracks into a decorative motif. One speaks of Citroen´s great skill in shaping reinforced concrete. The bridge is labeled as a project with sober yet powerful detailing with, moreover, beautiful proportions. Borsumij building Borneo Sumatra Maatschappij 'Borsumij' on Sociëteitstraat in Surabaya (1933-1935). After the economic crisis of the 1920s, the Borsumij experienced strong growth, resulting in the need for expansion. Already in 1930, Citroen was therefore asked to make preliminary sketch plans for a new office of the "Borsumij" on Sociëteitsstraat in Surabaya. At that time, the plot was only half the size of the final design. In 1933 the final design was completed by Citroen and commissioned to Nedam for execution. The layout of the building is as follows. On the first floor are the vestibule, stairwell, administrative department with adjacent sample rooms, the archive gallery, shipping and customs department, revimij department with representative and sample room, cashier's department with safe and adjacent payment room, dining room and pantry. The garages, a small well entrance and on the south side a porter's house and space for about 80 bicycles, are located at the rear of the building. On the second floor are the sales department with adjacent sample rooms, the chief representative, the representative of outside occupations (indicated in the plan as "room traveler") with telephone booth and archives and waiting room. Between the ground and second floors there are also two electronic book elevators. The construction consists of a reinforced concrete skeleton infilled with brick masonry. Pile driving began on January 15, 1934, which was finally completed about six weeks later. The entire foundation was ready in early March 1934. The beams, floors, columns and pouring up to the second floor was completed in early April 1934. The tie beams were completed by mid-April 1934 and the roof floor, the final concrete work, by early May 1934. The garages and other rooms located behind the main building were not founded on piles, but on wide foundation gaps. To accommodate deformations due to temperature differences and prevent cracking, the building was constructed with a dilatation halfway down the long side of the building. At the client's request, the finishing is sober. One exception is the cladding of the floors, hallway and stairwell, which is done in white and blue marble. The representative rooms are tiled with terrazzo tiles and the walls have been given wooden paneling up to 2.4 meters in height. The facade consists of two layers, one of which is the plinth (first floor), which is executed in gray-green granite in accordance with the color of syenite. The facade above it is white plaster. This facade can be described as follows: above the entrance, the white wall reads "Borsumij. The building faces west on Jalam Jembatan Merah. The lower part, the gray plinth, is executed without windows and contrasts with the rest of the facade which is white. The windows above the plinth have thin steel frames, above which there is a gallery, forming a strong horizontal line in the facade image. The eaves, as well as the dotted line of the ventilation grills forms a strong horizontal line. In the last 5 years of his life, in addition to the Borsumij, Citroen acquires a number of commissions inside and outside his hometown of Surabaya. Faroka Cigarette Factory The "Faroka Cigarette Factory" factory building in Malang was built between 1930 and 1934. The entire factory complex was designed by Citroen. The factory provided work for about 600 people. The factory included tobacco processing area, cold storage, disinfection room, warehouses, yards, garages, bicycle sheds and a narrow gauge railroad. Being a factory building, the project had to be carried out with limited resources. Although, given his other projects, this need not normally be a limitation for Citroen to create a special building, this building lacks the refined design and detailing so specific to Citroen. There is a reasonable amount of visual material of this building, but a precise impression of the complex is not obtained from it. In the same period, Citroen works on two projects, one large and one small. The large project is the hospital at Djember, built between 1930 and 1935. Very little is known about this. The other project is a monument to Mayor Dijkerman of Surabaya. Dijkerman died in 1929 and the initiative to place a monument must have arisen some time later. Of a large number, however, the exact year is not known. These include the residence for the sugar trader Tan Tjwan Bie in Surabaya. Urban planning issues also belong to Citroen's field of expertise. He made the expansion plans for Ketabang and Kupang, two districts of Surabaya. For the Bataafsche Petroleummaatschappij, Citroen designed the extension of the office building in Surabaya, in addition, around 1927, a railway yard for the same company in Bandaran. On a very distinguished site in Surabaya, the S.S. Viaduct over the Pasar Besar was realized. Citroen made the design for this civil engineering project. It is a viaduct over Pasar Besar made of reinforced concrete and it is located near the Governor's Office of East Java (Jatim). Furthermore, Citroen was asked several times to design large residential houses. Citroen designed for distinguished families. The official residence of the mayor of Surabaya and two other capital houses were built. In addition, houses on Kajoon and Ketabang were commissioned by Chinese Families. The exact years and further details of these projects are also lacking. On May 15, 1935, shortly before the completion of the Borsumij project, Lemon was rushed to the hospital. He eventually died of a tropical disease at the age of 53. What makes this architect so special today is the fact that he was able to advance architecture in the Dutch East Indies. He seemingly effortlessly managed to join the now bigger names like Aalbers, Ghijssels and others. Moreover, the versatility of his oeuvre indicates Citroen's very broad interests and, above all, knowledge of other, more technical fields. Although little information is currently available in the Netherlands regarding Citroen, there must be much undiscovered material of this architect's work in Java. It appears that many archives in Indonesia are often physically inaccessible or barely accessible, should one be granted formal permission to visit them at all. Because the relationship between the Netherlands and today's Indonesia seems curiously devoid of feelings of resentment or frustration, a total neglect of this Dutch architectural heritage is highly unlikely. In fact, there are some hopeful developments underway in Indonesia that may encourage further research into Cosman Lemon, for example. The Paguyuban Pelestarian Arsitektur Surabaya, the PPAS ("Society for the Preservation of Architectural Monuments in Surabaya") is an organization that plays and will continue to play a leading role in the preservation of architecturally valuable buildings. Because this organization is a partnership between the government, the province of East Java, municipality of Surabaya and even UNESCO, real influence can be exercised in the preservation of cultural heritage. Thus, there is an opportunity to continue the research on Cosman Citroen and get more on the table of this modest architect with such a versatile oeuvre. Wouter de Zeeuw, July 2001 Additional positions: Bouwbeperkingencommissie(most important government committee at the local technical level, founded in early 1930 for the purpose of the building line issue) Surabaya/; Oudheidkundige Dienst Adviescommissie(at the invitation of the government Citroen took a seat) Surabaya/;Chairman of the Association ´The Museum of Antiquities´ Surabaya/;Chairman of the National Museum of Antiquities Surabaya/;Chairman of the National Museum of Antiquities. Honors: ´Mention´ in the Architecture category of the Paris Exhibition/1925