(Bonas essay) J.J.P. Oud (1890-1963) Jacobus Johannes Pieter Oud studied architecture at the Quellinusschool in Amsterdam from 1903. From 1907 he worked at the architectural firm of J.Th.J. Cuypers and J. Stuyt. From 1908-1910 he continued his education at the Rijks Normaalschool voor Teekenonderwijs, which was housed at the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam. Meanwhile, Oud began designing and building residential houses and public buildings and teaching drawing. In 1910-1912 Oud was enrolled as an adjunct at the Technische Hogeschool in Delft. After a short internship in Munich (1912), he established himself as an independent architect. Initially this was in Purmerend, but from 1913 he was based in Leiden. There he built up a friendship with Theo van Doesburg. Together they stood at the cradle of the Leiden Art Club the Sphinx. Together with Dudok, Oud built workers' housing in Leiderdorp and, commissioned by H. Kamerlingh Onnes, he rebuilt the Villa Allegonda in Katwijk aan Zee. After a quarrel with Van Doesburg, Oud founded the illustrious magazine "De Stijl" with Mondrian. Oud published numerous articles in 'De Stijl' until 1921. In 1918 he joined the Bouwpolitie and Woningdienst in Rotterdam. That same year he married Annie Dinaux and a year later their only child was born: Hans. In Rotterdam, Oud was involved in major housing projects that brought him international fame: Spangen, Tusschendijken, Oud-Mathenesse, Hoek van Holland and the Kiefhoek. He made trips to Germany, where he learned about the Bauhaus, and built a complex in the Weissenhofsiedlung in Stuttgart (1927). A. Müller-Lehning asked Oud to contribute to the monthly magazine "Internationale Revue i10. Oud wrote several articles. In 1933 Oud resigned and fell into a crisis. For years he limited himself to single commissions (furniture for Metz & Co.), writing articles and commissions. From 1937 he worked again on larger commissions, such as the interior for the Nieuw Amsterdam (Holland America Line) and the competition for the Council House in Amsterdam. Oud broke with the modernism of the 1920s and built in a style he himself called Poetic Functionalism. After the war, Oud again tinkered more closely with his architectural style of the 1920s. During the years of reconstruction, Oud was involved in numerous projects: the Coolsingel and Hofplein in Rotterdam, the Grebbeberg Army Memorial, the National Monument on Dam Square, the Bio Herstellingsoord in Arnhem and the Congresgebouw in The Hague. His last designs were the Congress Building and the City Hall in Almelo. Honors: Prize for prominent place in Dutch cultural life/1950.